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The Meteoritic Hypothesis

A STATEMENT OF THE

RESULTS OF A SPECTROSCOPIC INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGIN OF COSMICAL SYSTEMS

by J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S.

Correspondant of the Institute of France; the Society for the promotion of National Industry of France; The Royal Academy of Science, Gottingen; The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia; the Royal Medical Society of Brussels; Societa Spettroscopisti Italiana; The Royal Academy of Palermo; and Natural History Society of Geneva; Member of the Royal Academy of Lyncei, Rome; and the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia; Honorary member of the Academy of Natural Science of Cantania, Philosophical Society of York, Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, and Lehigh University; Member of the Committee on Solar Physics; Professor of Astronomical Physics in the normal school of Science


This HTML version with page images produced by Eric Hutton 1997;
from that published by Published by MacMillan and Co. London and New York. 1890.

Contents
Preface

PART I--The fall and nature of meteorites
Chapter 1. Ancient and modern records of falls
Chapter 2. The physical characteristics of meteorites
Chapter 3. The chemistry of meteorites

PART II--The spectroscopy of meteorites
Chapter 4. Experiments on the spectra of metals found in meteorites
Chapter 5. Experiments on the glases occluded in meteorites
Chapter 6. Spectroscopic analysis of meteorites

PART III--Meteorites in the air
Chapter 7. Identity of origin of luminous meteors and falling stars with meteorites
Chapter 8. The aurora a phenomenon produced by the dust of meteors and falling stars
Chapter 9. Some experiments and a further discussion
Chapter 10 Taces of meteoritic dust in the deep oceans

PART IV--METEORITES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SECTION I--METEOR SWARMS GIVE RISE TO THE APPEARANCES WE CALL COMETS
Chapter 11. Meteorites are Bodies which, like the Earth, travel round the Sun
Chapter 12. Demonstration of the Cosmical Hypothesis
Chapter 13. These Meteor Swarms are Comets
SECTION II--WHAT THESE APPEARANCES ARE
Chapter 14. The Appearances presented by Comets away from and near the Sun
Chapter 15. The Forces which Produce the various Forms observed in Cometary Swarms
SECTION III--THE SPECTROSCOPY OF COMETS
Chapter 16. The Spectra of Comets away from the Sun
Chapter 17. The Spectra of Comets immediately preceding Perihelion
Chapter 18. The Spectra of Comets at Perihelion
Chapter 19. Some Cometary Biographies
Chapter 20. Summary of the Spectral Changes
Chapter 21. Comparison of the Spectra of Comets and Aurorae
SECTION IV--ORIGIN OF COMETARY PHENOMENA
Chapter 22. The Light of Comets due to Collisions
Chapter 23. Comets represent Bodies which exist in External Space

PART V--METEORITES IN SPACE
SECTION I--THE NEBULAE
Chapter 24. Historical Notice
Chapter 25. The Spectra of the Nebulae
Chapter 26. Comparison between the Spectra of Nebulae and Comets
Chapter 27. The Wave-Length of the Cheif Nebulae Line
Chapter 28. The Fluted Character of the cheif Nebula Line
Chapter 29. The true Nature of Nebulae
Chapter 30. The probable Origin of the various Forms of Nebulae
SECTION II--THE STARS
Chapter 31. Historical Notice relating to the Classification of Stars
Chapter 32. New Views
Chapter 33. Comparison of the Spectra of some Stars, Comets, and Nebulae

PART VI--PROPOSED NEW GROUPING OF COSMICAL BODIES
Chapter 34. General Statement
Chapter 35. Sub-groups and Species of Group I.
Chapter 36. Sub-groups and Species of Group II.
Chapter 37. Sub-groups and Species of Group III.
Chapter 38. Groups IV., V., VI., and VII.

PART VII--ON THE ORIGIN OF BINARY AND MULTIPLE SYSTEMS
Chapter 39.
Chapter 40.

PART VIII--ON THE VARIABILITY IN LIGHT AND COLOUR OF COSMICAL BODIES
Chapter 41. An Introductory Statement
Chapter 42. The Causes of Variability suggested by the Meteoritic Hypothesis
Chapter 43. The Condition of Variability in Group II.
Chapter 44. The General Phenomena of Groups I, II, and VI.

PART IX--CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 45. General Conclusions

APPENDICES
A. Showing the Stars in Duner's Catalogue arranged in Species
B. Showing how the Mean Colour-Numbers in Chapter XLIII. have been obtained.

Index

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate   I. The Chief Stars in the Pleiades
Plate  II. The Great Nebula in Orion
Plate III. The Nebula in Andromeda
Plate  IV. The Spiral Nebulae in Canes Venatici and Ursa Major
Plate   V. Photographs of Stellar Spectra
Plate  VI. Comparison of Spectra of Sun and Meteorites
                     --------------
Plate VII. Map showing the Spectra of the Bodies of Group II.
WOODCUTS
1. Mazapil Meteorite
2. Section of Mazapil Meteorite
3. Spectra of Metals at the Temperature of the Oxy-Coal-Gas Blowpipe Flame
4. Spectra of Metals showing Changes due to Temperature
5. Changes in the Spectrum of Magnesium
6. End-on Tube
7. Carbon Spectrum (Part of)
8. Carbon Band at A 468-474
9. Apparatus for observing Glow Spectra
9A. Apparatus for observing Flame Spectra
10. Apparatus for observing Spark Spectra
11. Spectra of Meteorites
12. Spectra of Meteorites
13. Aurora Spectrum not due to Nitrogen or Oxygen
14. Large Tube for observing Spectrum of Air
15. Sequence of Spectra as the Air Pressure is reduced
16. Map showing probable Origin of Spectrum of Aurora
17. Sequence of Aurora and Lightning Spectra
18. Section of Ocean showing Red Clays
19. Black Spherule with Metallic Nucleus, South Pacific
20. Black Spherule with Metallic Nucleus, Atlantic
21. Spherule of Bronzite, Central South Pacific
22. Radiant Point of November Meteors
23. Radiant Point of Long Duration
24. Position of Long-Duration Radiant Point
25. Diagram showing why more Falling Stars are seen after Midnight
26. Professor Pritchard's Umbrella Diagram
27. A Comet near Aphelion
28. The Pons-Brooks Comet
29. The First Beginnings of a Tail
30. Elongation of Star-like Luminosity and Concomitant Extension of Comet
31. Donati's Comet
32. Comet with Single Nucleus
33. Nucleus surrounded by Ellipsoidal Head
34. Compound Nucleus
35. Great Comet, 1882
36. Combination of Jets and Envelopes
37. Concentric Envelopes
38. Coggia's Comet
39. Elongation of a Cometary Swarm
40. Diagram explaining Roche's Views
41. Diagram explaining Roche's Views
42. Great Comet of 1861, 30th June
43. Great Comet of 1861, 15th June
44. Curvature of Tail, slight Repulsion
45. Curvature of Tail, great Repulsion
46. Spectra of Carbon at Low and High Temperatures
47. Integration of Carbon and Magnesium Radiation
48. Integration of Carbon and Manganese Radiation
49. Integration of Carbon, Manganese, and Lead Radiation
50. Integration of Carbon Radiation and Manganese Absorption
51. Integration of Carbon Radiation and Manganese and Lead Absorption
52. Integration of Hot Carbon Radiation and Cool Carbom and Manganese Absorption
53. Origin of Spectrum of Great Comet of 1882
54. Origin of Spectrum of Well's Comet, 28th May
55. Origin of Spectrum of Well's Comet, 31st May
56. Sequence of Phenomena in the Spectrum of a Comet
57. Spectrum of Encke's Comet
58. Spectrum of Comet III. 1881
59. Spectrum of Great Comet of 1882 at different Dates
60. Comparison of the Spectra of Sun, Magnesium, Nitrogen, and Lead
61. Nebula Observations with the Siderostat
62. Plan of Arrangements of Siderostat, Refractor, and Spectroscope
63. Appearance of the Principle Lines in the Spectrum of the Nebula in Orion
64. Suggested Origin of the Appearance presented by a Planetary Nebula
65. Suggestion as to the Origin of a Globular Nebula
66. Suggestion as to the Origin of a Nebulous Star
67. Temperature Curve
68. Temperature Curve showing proposed New Groups
69. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of Gamma Argus
70. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of Argelander Oeltzen 17681
71. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of Lalande 13412
72. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of First Cygnus
73. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of Second Cygnus
74. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of Third Cygnus
75. Map showing Probable Origin of Spectrum of Gamma Cassiopeiae
76. Absorption Flutins of Different Widths
77. Bright Fluting of Different Widths
78. Effects of Variations in Width of Carbon Flutings
79. Spectra of some Stars of Group III.
80. Form of Light Curve
81. Form of Light Curves (Class 2)
82. Form of Light Curves (Class 3)
83. Form of Light Curves (Class 4)
84. Form of Light Curves (Class 5)
85. Explanation of the Variability of Bodies of Groups I. and II. (Maximum Variation)
86. Explanation of the Variability of Bodies of Groups I. and II. (Medium Variation)
87. Explanation of the Variability of Bodies of Groups I. and II. (Minimum Variation)
88. Light Curve of Beta Lyrae
89. Light Curve of Mira
90. Light Curve of Algol
91. Plan and Section of the Orbit of the Companion of Algol
92. Comparison of the Spectrum of Mira with that of Beta Pegasi and Encke's Comet
93. Hypothetical Light-Curve in Light-Units
94. Hypothetical Light-Curve in Magnitudes
95. Hypothetical Curve in Light-Units
96. Hypothetical Curve in Magnitudes
97. Light-Curve of U Cygni (Knott)
98. Light-Curves, Periods 2 to 1: Apastra Coincident
99. Light-Curves, Periods 2 to 1: Apastra not Coincident
100. Light-Curves, Periods 5 to 3: Periastra Coincident
101. Light-Curves, Periods 5 to 3: Apastra Coincident